Energy Conservation

Abstract Energy management and conservation is an important tool to help enterprises to meet their critical objectives of short term and long term goals. The main objective of the energy conservation is to maximize the profit, minimize the cost of energy and to ensure sustainability in the long term. India is one of the largest tea producers in the world, with an annual production of more than 856,000 tons. Estimates indicate that 1. 3 million tons of firewood and 435 million units of electricity are used annually for tea processing in India.The proposed Project would focus on how the production cost in tea industry can be reduced by using Energy efficient motors. Chapter1 details the problems faced by the tea industry in terms of electricity cost, textile industry, present efficiency levels in available motors, split of production cost , the methodology adopted to solve the problem, project objectives and scope of the project. Chapter2 briefs about Siemens Ltd, Vision ,Mission and V alues of Siemens, major achievements over past 50 year, initiatives towards green and simple organisational chart of Siemens.Chapter3 discusses the problem at hand, the efficiency levels of motor in tea industry, Energy savings by Eff1 motors and trends in Energy Efficiency by various organisations. Chapter4 highlights the literatures reviewed and Energy management agreements from various countries. Energy conservation issues and Minimum Energy Performance Standard are also discussed. Chapter5 elaborates about tea plantation and production process in various regions of country. v arious terminologies , manufacturing process and types of tea available in tea market also elaborated in this section.Chapter6 shows the data needed to carry out this project. The data collected, details of the data collected and the analysis of the data carried out are also shown in this chapter. Chapter7 illustrates the analysis of energy saving in tea industry by energy efficient motors, selection of mot ors , life cycle cost of motor, energy efficiency comparison,losses in motors and energy saving by Eff1 motor Chapter8 gives the recommendations after taking all the factors in to account.The various recommendations are substantiated properly. Chapter9 gives the conclusion, graphical representation of energy saving in a tea industry, gains of the study, limitations of the study and the future work. The various literatures referred for the study and the additional information taken as reference for carrying out this project is given in the list of references . Motor Nomenclature, Standards , comparison of efficiency in various motors and energy saving obtained in two tea industries are given in the appendix. Energy Conservation Abstract Energy management and conservation is an important tool to help enterprises to meet their critical objectives of short term and long term goals. The main objective of the energy conservation is to maximize the profit, minimize the cost of energy and to ensure sustainability in the long term. India is one of the largest tea producers in the world, with an annual production of more than 856,000 tons. Estimates indicate that 1. 3 million tons of firewood and 435 million units of electricity are used annually for tea processing in India.The proposed Project would focus on how the production cost in tea industry can be reduced by using Energy efficient motors. Chapter1 details the problems faced by the tea industry in terms of electricity cost, textile industry, present efficiency levels in available motors, split of production cost , the methodology adopted to solve the problem, project objectives and scope of the project. Chapter2 briefs about Siemens Ltd, Vision ,Mission and V alues of Siemens, major achievements over past 50 year, initiatives towards green and simple organisational chart of Siemens.Chapter3 discusses the problem at hand, the efficiency levels of motor in tea industry, Energy savings by Eff1 motors and trends in Energy Efficiency by various organisations. Chapter4 highlights the literatures reviewed and Energy management agreements from various countries. Energy conservation issues and Minimum Energy Performance Standard are also discussed. Chapter5 elaborates about tea plantation and production process in various regions of country. v arious terminologies , manufacturing process and types of tea available in tea market also elaborated in this section.Chapter6 shows the data needed to carry out this project. The data collected, details of the data collected and the analysis of the data carried out are also shown in this chapter. Chapter7 illustrates the analysis of energy saving in tea industry by energy efficient motors, selection of mot ors , life cycle cost of motor, energy efficiency comparison,losses in motors and energy saving by Eff1 motor Chapter8 gives the recommendations after taking all the factors in to account.The various recommendations are substantiated properly. Chapter9 gives the conclusion, graphical representation of energy saving in a tea industry, gains of the study, limitations of the study and the future work. The various literatures referred for the study and the additional information taken as reference for carrying out this project is given in the list of references . Motor Nomenclature, Standards , comparison of efficiency in various motors and energy saving obtained in two tea industries are given in the appendix. Energy Conservation ————————————————- A Study of Factors Influencing Energy Conservation Behavior Richard Semenik, University of Utah Russell Belk, University of Utah John Painter, University of Utah ABSTRACT – Previous research on factors that influence energy conservation behavior have almost without exception been restricted to demographic investigations using bivariate analyses. The present study attempts to go beyond prior research by using a richer set of non-demographic predictors in the context of gasoline conservation.Multivariate analysis of the predictors suggests that greater understanding of conserver and non-conserver groups can be achieved with a broader set of predictor variables. [ to cite ]: Richard Semenik, Russell Belk, and John Painter (1982) ,†A Study of Factors Influencing Energy Conservation Behavior†, in NA – Advances in Consumer Research Volu me 09, eds. Andrew Mitchell, Ann Abor, MI : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 306-312. Advances in Consumer Research Volume 9, 1982 Pages 306-312 A STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING ENERGY CONSERVATION BEHAVIOR Richard Semenik, University of UtahRussell Belk, University of Utah John Painter, University of Utah ABSTRACT – Previous research on factors that influence energy conservation behavior have almost without exception been restricted to demographic investigations using bivariate analyses. The present study attempts to go beyond prior research by using a richer set of non-demographic predictors in the context of gasoline conservation. Multivariate analysis of the predictors suggests that greater understanding of conserver and non-conserver groups can be achieved with a broader set of predictor variables.INTRODUCTION The energy problems first highlighted by the 1973-74 gasoline and fuel oil shortages have spawned a considerable number of research efforts on the topic of energy conservation. Reviews by Anderson and Cullen (1979), Farhar, et al. (1979), Frankena, Buttell, and Morrison (1977), and Joerges (1979) classify over 300 energy consumption studies conducted during the Seventies. A major thrust in many of these studies has been the detection of factors affecting energy conservation.Such a focus on understanding who conserves and why they do so, is of obvious concern for formulating realistic public policies, effectively encouraging energy conservation, and recognizing problems in operationalizing energy conservation plans. However, despite the fact that a number of studies have been directed at finding correlates of energy conservation attitudes and behavior their findings have generally been weak and often contradictory. The following sections review the findings for the major categories of predictors which have been examined and discusses reasons for the inconsistencies.FACTORS RELATED TO INDIVIDUAL ENERGY CONSERVATION Income The one factor most studied for its relationship to energy conservation has been income. Income-related influences on conservation or non-conservation of energy seem to be sufficient to have created a confusing set of findings. Based on general indices or questions about energy conservation behavior some studies have found positive associations between energy conservation and income (Grier, 1976; Talarzyk and Omura, 1974) and between energy conservation and social class (Bultena, 1976).However other studies have found negative associations between energy conservation and income (Cunningham and Lopreato, 1977; Opinion Research Corporation, 1975c) as well as between energy conservation and social class (Gottlieb and Matre, 1975)o Still other studies have found that the middle income classes report the greatest level of energy conservation (Warren and Cliffords 1975; Kilkeary, 1975).And still other studies report no significant relationship between energy conservation and income (Hogan, 1976; Bartel, 1974). The same inconsistent pattern of findings has emerged when conservation of specific type of energy have been examined separately. For home heating conservation, the largest number of studies have found a positive association between income and conservation behaviors (Morrison and Gladhart, 1976; Murray et al. , 1974; Perlman and Warren, 1975a, 1975b; Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976).Nevertheless, there are again exceptions with some studies showing lower income households conserving more heating fuel (Newman and Day, 1975; WaLker and Draper, 1975) and some showing middle income households conserving more (Warkov, 1976), or that some heating conservation actions are more likely in low income households, while other heating conservation actions are more likely in high income households (Opinion Research Corporation, 1974b).The same inconsistency occurs for studies examining various aspects of gasoline energy conservation, except that in this case the preponderance of evidence sh ows a negative association between income and conservation (Gallup, 1977a; Opinion Research Corporation, 1976b; Roper, 1977a; Barnaby and Reizenstein, 1977; Newman and Day, 1975). The contradictory evidence either shows a positive association (Roper, 1977b; Murray, et al. 1974; Perlman and Warren, 1975a; Reizenstein and Barnaby 1976), a curvilinear association (Warkov, 1976), or no significant association between income and automobile-related energy conservation (Opinion Research Corporation. 1974c). Education The general expectation here would be that education and conservation would be positively associated. However a major complicating factor may be the positive association between education and income.Whether due to this association or to a similarity of energy conservation attitudes across education levels, the studies examining this variable again provide mixed results As expected the largest number of studies have obtained a positive association between education and conserva tion actions (Roper, 1977b; Survey Research Laboratory,1977; Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976; Thompson and MacTavish, 1976; Gallup, 1977a).The exceptions consist of findings of a curvilinear relationship between education and energy conservation (Cunningham and Lopreato, 1977), findings of a negative relationship (Opinion Research Corporation, 1974a, 1975a, 1975c), and findings of no significant education/ conservation relationship (Murray, et al. , 1974; Hogan, 1976) e Occupation Occupation has been studied less frequently and one reason may be that there is less of an intuitive basis for hypothesizing a relationship between occupation and energy conservation. The studies which have obtained a ignificant relationship between occupation and energy conservation practices and attitudes have found greater conservation by those with higher status occupations (Thompson and MacTavish, 1976; Opinion Research Corporation, 1975d). Other studies have found no differences in energy conservation by different occupational groups (Lowry and Good, 1977; Gallup 1974, 1977a). Some research has found little difference in overall conservation tendencies between occupational groups, but has found the nature of their conservation efforts to differ.For example, one study found that those in business and professional occupations reported a greater tendency to turn down home thermostats in cold weather, while clerical, sales and manual labor workers reported a greater tendency to turn off unused lights at home (Gallup, 1977b); Overall however, occupation does not appear to be a good predictor of energy conservation. Age Given the relationship between age and income, it might be expected that the young and old would find the greatest economic incentive for energy conservation, with less of this motivation among middle ages. But given that many energy-conserving behaviors (e. . walking, bicycling, turning down winter thermostats and turning up summer thermostats) may be less feasible for those in poor health, there are greater constraints acting on older consumers who might otherwise be more inclined to conserve through such behaviors. In terms of baseline rates of energy usage, it appears that middle-aged families (especially with children) have the highest levels of energy consumption, and therefore the greatest opportunity to conserve (Morrison and Gladhart, 1976). These mixed expectations are borne out by mixed findings relating energy conservation and age.For instance, Talarzyk and Omura (1974) report the least resistance to the idea of energy conservation by older consumers, but the greatest number of energy conservation activities by middle age consumers. Cunningham and Lopreato (1977) found the oldest and youngest consumers most likely to conserve, but also found that for some conservation behaviors there was a positive association with age and for others there was a negative age association. While such mixed findings are typical (e. g. Roper, 1977b), other studies report finding no significant relationship between age and energy conservation (Hogan, 1976; KiLkeary, 1975; Bartel, 1974).Thus age has also failed to act as a consistently good predictor of energy conservation. Family Life Cycle As suggested in the comments concerning the related variable of age, larger families with middle aged parents tend to consume larger amounts of energy (Morrison and Gladhart 1976). While this argument suggests greater opportunities for energy conservation by such households, there are also some countervailing forces. One is that a larger, less fuel efficient automobile may be more of a necessity for larger families.Similarly, to the extent that energy conservation requires some sacrifice, it may be more difficult in our society to deprive children of some energy-consuming activity than it is to deprive self or self and spouse alone. But another countervailing force in the opposite direction may be that children receive more conservation information in school than their parents did and bring this information and related conservation attitudes home (Opinion Research Corporation, 1976b). Once again we are left with unclear expectations about the relationship of the family life cycle variable and energy conservation.Even within the area of gasoline conservation, some studies have found conservation more likely among married persons (Burdge, 1975) while others have found conservation more likely among singles (Roper, 1977b). Similarly, some studies have found greater (gasoline) conservation by families with fewer children (Roper, 1977b), while other studies have found greater (general energy) conservation by families with more children (Kilkearny, 1975). Still other studies have found no significant relationship between energy conservation and family composition or size (Hogan, 1976: Morrison 19775.Gender Expectations for the effect of gender on attitudes toward various conservation practices are difficult to formulate. Farhar et al. , (1979) speculate that home-related energy conservation in heating and appliance use may threaten the traditional role of the woman in providing family comfort. However, several studies show women more favorable toward energy conservation in the home than men (Opinion Research Corporation, 1975b, 1976a; Cunningham and Lopreato, 1977). Other studies find no differences in such attitudes (Bartel, 1974). Within the domain of gasoline-conserving ehaviors, some studies show males to be less favorable (Opinion Research Corporation, 1976a) while others show females to be less favorable (Gallup, 1977a). Again the literature fails to uncover consistent relationships between energy conservation and a potential predictor variable. Other Factors Related to Energy Conservation To a lesser extent, other demographic variables have been examined as predictors of energy conservation behavior Race has been examined with some sort of inconsistencies or no difference in behavior result between bla cks and whites (Newman and Day, 1975; Cunningham and Lopreato, 1977).Political party affiliation has also been examined and in some cases Democrats appear more conserving (Opinion Research Corporation, 1975c) and in other cases Republicans appear more conserving (Gallup, 1977a). Urban versus rural area of residence has been examined with little consistency in results. In some studies, rural residents are more conserving (Blakely, 1976; Morrison, 1977), in others urban residents are more conserving (Opinion Research Corporation, 1975d, 1976a), and in others no difference was found (Hogan, 1976).Some studies have gone beyond demographic variables in search for predictors of conservation. One study (Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976) found media exposure and personal sources of information better predictors of conservation attitudes than demographics. Several studies have used activity, interest, and opinion (AIO) variables to predict energy conservation (Morrison, 1977; Barnaby and Reizen stein, 1977; Talarzyk, 1974). Although the results of these studies have found some significant relationships, the substantial differences in AIO items used preclude any generalization of effects of lifestyle on conservation.REASONS FOR INCONSISTENT FINDINGS Several explanations are possible for the contradictory and inconsistent findings of studies seeking factors related to energy conservation. Two explanations offered by both Farhar et al. , (1979) and Anderson and Cullen (1979), are that there are numerous measures and categorizations of independent variables in these studies and that the dependent variable (energy conservation) has also been operationalized in a number of ways. These do not seem to be adequate to explain all of the anomalies found in the literature.While different categorizations and measures of independent variables may explain why a variable is a significant predictor of conservation in some studies but not in others, it does not explain why the same relation ships are positive in same studies and negative in others. Another explanation which might be suggested is that the samples and time periods of the various studies were different. However, there are also shortcomings to this explanation. The review by Farhar et al. , (1979) finds little in the way of regional differences in energy conservation findings.Even though all relevant studies have been conducted during the 1970's, there may be enough volatility in attitudes and behavior during this period that studies of several different years could obtain different findings. However, the series of longitudinal studies reviewed by Murray et al. , (1974) would seem to discount this argument since most of the variables remained relativelY stable. The foregoing explanations may go part way toward explaining the differences in findings obtained, but there is another more compelling explanation.In nearly every instance there are opposing conceptual expectations concerning the nature of the rela tionship between the predictor variable and conservation of energy. It may well be that the combination of these opposing forces has been sufficient to cause different and even opposite findings in studies with somewhat different samples. Since some of the opposing expectations arise from the correlations between a predictor variable and another variable, a sample which is more homogeneous in such a third variable (e. g. income) than another sample may cause an apparent reversal of the relationship between the predictor variable (e. . education) and energy conservation. With very few exceptions (e. g. Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976), previous studies have used bivariate rather than multivariate methods in order to examine the relationships of interest. One of the improvements offered in the present paper is to employ a multivariate method in order to go beyond the limitations of the largely bivariate prior studies. In addition, the present paper seeks a richer set of predictor variab les than the largely demographic variables employed in prior research.The primary non-demographic sets of variables added were (1) beliefs about the nature and causes of the energy crisis (often investigated as dependent variables, but not as independent variables), (2) preferences for different energy-related actions, and (3) media exposure variables. No previous study has simultaneously investigated these types of variables. METHODOLOGY In an effort to investigate a wide variety of variables and their effect on gasoline consumption, a sample of 253 heads of households who travel over 150 miles per month was selected using a cluster sampling technique.The data were collected in Salt Lake City, Utah in the spring and summer of 1979 during a period of pronounced shortages and price increases. A structured questionnaire administered by trained interviewers was used to gather information on a variety of potential predictor variables and demographic information. Questions were carefully worded to avoid potential demand characteristics that could result from â€Å"socially acceptable† response options. As discussed above, three primary non-demographic sets of variables were included in the data collection.In addition, current gasoline consumption behaviors and demographic variables were also identified. The five total categories of variables and the dimensions for data gathered in each category are displayed in Table 1. The rationale for choosing to investigate variables in these categories stem from several influences. First, the previous research, discussed at the outset of this paper, tented to narrowly define the potential influences on consumption behavior. The categories used in this study attempt to broaden the base of investigation of potential influences.Second, the types of variables examined in earlier works provided a foundation for the categories of variables used here. Earlier studies were relied on for choosing variables to examine within cate gories. Finally, since there is an issue related to using demographics versus other types of variables to predict energy-related behaviors, demographics were also included in the investigation. RESULTS The main purpose of data analysis was to identify factors that influence gasoline conservation behavior. The initial step in this procedure was to classify respondents as either conservers or non-conservers of gasoline by virtue of various behaviors.The behaviors used to classify respondents were: 1. estimated mpg of the auto being driven 2. consuming less gasoline than six months ago 3. consuming less gasoline than five years ago 4. currently riding in a car pool 5. moving to a residence closer to work to help conserve gas 6. increase in bus usage TABLE 1 NEANS AND UNIVARIATE F SCORES FOR VARIABLES CONSIDERED AS PREDICTORS If a respondent was engaging in two or more conservation behaviors with regard to the above set of variables, the decision rule was to classify this respondent as a conserver.Respondents engaging in less than two conservation behaviors or behaving in a fashion that indicated increased consumption of gasoline were categorized as non-conservers. On the basis of reported behavior, 83 respondents were classified as conservers and 75 as non-conservers. The remaining 95 respondents were unclassified by virtue of demonstrating contradictory conservation and non-conservation behaviors. In an effort to verify this grouping procedure and thereby establish that legitimately different groups were formed by the process 9 a discriminant analysis was performed on the newly formed conserver and non-conserver groups.The discriminant analysis indicated that each of the variables discussed earlier which were used in the group forming process produced significant (p;. 01) differences between conservers and non-conservers. The most important variables in distinguishing the two groups were consumers' use of a more fuel efficient auto and consuming less gasoline th an five years ago. Further verification of the grouping was provided by the classification matrix in this analysis in which a 90. 5% correct prediction was achieved in classifying respondents as conservers or non-conservers versus maximum chance percentage of 52. %. The establishment of groups which were legitimately different in energy related behaviors provided a foundation for investigating a broad set of potential predictor variables. Table 1 shows the means and univariate F-Scores for the complete set of variables considered. The variables in Table 1 were then analyzed using discriminant analysis for their value in predicting the conserver and non-conserver groups. From the original set of 32 variables viewed as potentially useful predictors, Table 2 shows the results of those that were significant in forming the discriminant function.On a univariate basis, many of the variables distinguish between the conserver and non-conserver groups. Additionally, on a multivariate basis th is group of variables provided a highly significant (p< . 001) discriminant function. Further evidence of the overall power of the variable set is provided in Table 3 by the classification matrix. Predicted group membership had a 76. 58% accuracy based on the discriminant function formed from the group of predictor variables (again versus a 52. 5% level by the maximum chance criterion, (Morrison, 1969). TABLE 2 SIGNIFICANT VARIABLES IN DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF CONSERVER GROUPSTABLE 3 CLASSIFICATION MATRIX FOP CONSERVER GROUPS In light of the variables' power in distinguishing between conservers and non-conservers, a discussion of the contribution made by each variable set is worthwhile Beliefs About the Gasoline Shortage This set of predictors indicated consistently different views between conservers and non-conservers. Non-conservers were more prone to believe that no real gasoline shortage existed, that there was less of a need for the country to decrease its consumption of gasoli ne, and that the gasoline availability problem was due to government bungling of the situation.The conserver group tended toward opposite beliefs in each of these areas. The government issue is one of the strongest contributors to the multivariate prediction of group membership. Evaluation of Potential Solutions Univariate comparisons of the two groups on this set of variables indicate that significant differences exist between the groups on two of six dimensions (closing gas stations on certain days as an acceptable solution and higher prices as a best solution).One possible reason greater differences were not discovered in univariate analysis of these factors is that non-conservers were not convinced a shortage of gasoline really existed. In this context, non-conservers may have found it difficult to evaluate potential solutions to a hypothetical problem. Again, on a multivariate basis, each of the variables in this set contributed significantly to the distinction between the grou ps. Gasoline Consumption Behaviors This set of variables identifies differences in the way conservers and non-conservers use their personal automobiles.Non-conservers tented to drive a greater number of miles in a year and had a significantly higher percentage of work related use of the automobile. Given the influence of using the automobile for work related purposes, perhaps non-conservers hold a view that there is an element of inflexibility in their ability to conserve gas. This proposition, however, must be evaluated in the context of the non-conservers' stronger belief that a shortage of petroleum doesn't really exist anyway. Media HabitsThe only media habit that was different between the groups was ratio listening behavior and this is only significant in the context of the multivariate analysis. Data were gathered on television viewing behavior and amount of time spent reading the newspaper. As the data in Table 2 indicates, non-conservers spent more time listening to the radi o (perhaps as part of work related travel). Demographics The demographic analysis in this current study provides a basis for comparison with previous energy conservation research.The results in Table 2 indicate that conservers are younger, and have higher education and income status than non-conservers. The age relationship is more straightforward than suggested by prior research. The significance of the education variable contributes to the body of evidence which suggests a positive association between conservation and education level (Roper, 1976b; Survey Research Laboratory; Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976; Thompson and MacTavish, 1976; Gallup, 1977a). Conservers were also found to have a higher income than non-conservers.While the difference between groups is not significant on a univariate basis, this is another variable that contributes to the overall differences between the groups on a multivariate basis. In general, the positive association of income to conserver status joins a relatively few previous efforts discovering the same result (Roper 1977b. , Murray et al. ; 1974; Perlman and Warren, 1975a; and Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976). DISCUSSION First, it may be noted some of the belief, attitudinal, and behavioral predictors are stronger predictors of conserver status than any of the demographic variables.It therefore appears that the inclusion of this enriched set of predictors paid off and that prior studies have been limited by restricting themselves to demographic variables. From a public policy standpoint, the current results indicate that non-conservers simply are not convinced that an energy problem exists. They are clearly more prone to believe that the government is responsible for shortages in petroleum and that decreasing consumption of gasoline will not eliminate the source of the problem.This mentality on the part of non-conservers manifests itself in several ways. The non-conserver group drives less fuel efficient cars and uses car poolin g and public transportation far less than conservers. Further, the non-conserving group has shown little effort over the past six months or five years to consume less gas. The lack of belief in the reality of a gasoline shortage also results in lack of enthusiasm by non-conservers for any potential solutions.Admittedly, the conservers were not overly favorable toward most solutions, but non-conservers did not rate a single potential solution positively as a group. Since not one of 75 respondents classified as non-conservers cited higher gas prices as the best solution to the problem, perhaps this tactic would have the greatest impact on the group. Aside from any attempt to speculate regarding specific policy strategies though, the main conclusion is that this group needs to be convinced of the existence of any energy problem.It can also be recognized that non-conservers drive more miles and drive more for work related reasons than conservers. The implication here could be that non-c onservers consider the consumption of gasoline a necessity and therefore do not feel they have the flexibility to engage in conservation behaviors. Demographically conservers are younger, more highly educated and higher in income than non-conservers. Perhaps, these demographic factors have contributed to their ability to obtain and comprehend information about the energy situation, hereby influencing their beliefs about its existence. This in turn may have influenced conservers to car pool, use public transportation, drive more fuel efficient cars, and generally reduce consumption of gasoline. At least this cognitive-behavioral chain of events is the one we would expect for a high involvement choice like gasoline conservation. The distinctions between conservers and non-conservers Just discussed were, to a large degree, discovered through the use of a multivariate approach to the predictor variables.Many factors that were not significant on a bivariate basis, nonetheless, were signi ficant in the context of a multivariate analysis of the two groups. 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Opinion Research Corporation (1975b), Consumer Behavior and Attitudes Toward Energy-ReLated Issues, Technical Information Service No. 244 986 Opinion Research Corporation (1975c), General Public Attitudes and Behavior Toward Energy Saving, Technical Information Service No. 244 989 Opinion Research Corporation (1975d), How the Public Views the Nation's Dependence on Oil Imports, Technical Information Service No. 45 828. Opinion Research Corporation (1976a), Private Individual's Willingness to Make Energy-Saving Efforts and Their Percepti ons of Others Doing the Same, Technical Information Service No. 255 946. Opinion Research Corporation (1976b), Parent's Perceptions of their Children's Sources of Energy Information and Energy Related Activities, Technical Information No. 261 164. Perlman, Robert and Warren, Roland (1975a), â€Å"Effects of the Energy Crisis on Households of Different Income Groups,† presented at the Annual Meeting of The Society of the Study of Social Problems, San Francisco.Perlman, Robert and Warren, Roland L. (1975b), Energy-Saving by Households of Different Incomes in Three Metropolitan Areas, (Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University). Reizenstein, Rich rd C. and Barnaby, David J. (1976), â€Å"An Analysis of Selected Consumer Energy-Environment Trade-Off Segments,† in Educators Proceedings of the American Marketing Association Series #39, (Chicago: American Marketing Association, 522-526. Roper Organization, Inc. (1977a), Roper Reports, (New York: Roper Organization Inc. Rope r Organization, Inc. (1977b), Roper Reports, (New York: Roper Organization, Inc.Survey Research Laboratory (1977), Public Reactions to Wind Energy Devices, for the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy, Washington, D. C. , (Urbana: University of Illinois. ) TaLarzyk, W. Wayne and Omura, Glenn S. , â€Å"Consumer Attitudes Toward and Perceptions of the Energy Crisis,† in 1974 Combined Proceedings, ed. Ronald C. Cruham, (Chicago: American Marketing Association, 316-322. Thompson, Phyllis T. and MacTavish, John (1976), â€Å"Energy Problems: Public Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behaviors,† mimeographed paper, Urban and Environmental Studies Institute, Grand Valley State College, (Allendale, Michigan).Walker, Nolan E. and Draper, E. Linn, â€Å"The Effects of Electricity Price Increases on Residential Usage of Three Economic Groups: A Case Study,† in Texas Nuclear Power Policies, (Austin, Texas: University of Texas. Warkov, Seymour (1976), Energy Conser vation in the Houston- Galveston Area Complex: 1976, (Houston, Texas: University of Houston). Warren, Donald I. and Clifford, David L. (1975), Local Neighborhood Social Structure and Response to the Energy Crisis of 1973-74. (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan). Energy Conservation Abstract Energy management and conservation is an important tool to help enterprises to meet their critical objectives of short term and long term goals. The main objective of the energy conservation is to maximize the profit, minimize the cost of energy and to ensure sustainability in the long term. India is one of the largest tea producers in the world, with an annual production of more than 856,000 tons. Estimates indicate that 1. 3 million tons of firewood and 435 million units of electricity are used annually for tea processing in India.The proposed Project would focus on how the production cost in tea industry can be reduced by using Energy efficient motors. Chapter1 details the problems faced by the tea industry in terms of electricity cost, textile industry, present efficiency levels in available motors, split of production cost , the methodology adopted to solve the problem, project objectives and scope of the project. Chapter2 briefs about Siemens Ltd, Vision ,Mission and V alues of Siemens, major achievements over past 50 year, initiatives towards green and simple organisational chart of Siemens.Chapter3 discusses the problem at hand, the efficiency levels of motor in tea industry, Energy savings by Eff1 motors and trends in Energy Efficiency by various organisations. Chapter4 highlights the literatures reviewed and Energy management agreements from various countries. Energy conservation issues and Minimum Energy Performance Standard are also discussed. Chapter5 elaborates about tea plantation and production process in various regions of country. v arious terminologies , manufacturing process and types of tea available in tea market also elaborated in this section.Chapter6 shows the data needed to carry out this project. The data collected, details of the data collected and the analysis of the data carried out are also shown in this chapter. Chapter7 illustrates the analysis of energy saving in tea industry by energy efficient motors, selection of mot ors , life cycle cost of motor, energy efficiency comparison,losses in motors and energy saving by Eff1 motor Chapter8 gives the recommendations after taking all the factors in to account.The various recommendations are substantiated properly. Chapter9 gives the conclusion, graphical representation of energy saving in a tea industry, gains of the study, limitations of the study and the future work. The various literatures referred for the study and the additional information taken as reference for carrying out this project is given in the list of references . Motor Nomenclature, Standards , comparison of efficiency in various motors and energy saving obtained in two tea industries are given in the appendix.

International markets small business in USA Essay

International markets& small business in USA Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Venture capitalists invest massive of money to companies that want to expand but have no enough access to public funds. They are willing to invest in such companies because they earn massive benefit when the company succeeds. Consequently, venture capitalists look for firms with strong management staff, large markets and unique goods with high competitive advantage (Gladstone & Gladstone 2004). They are driven by the desire to own a large portion of the company so that they can influence its direction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   International markets are complex due to their vast geographical coverage in the worlds rapidly changing and growing nations. The basics for international markers ranging from diverse culture and languages, handling issues related to business ethics, selection of distribution and global marketing channels and international communication. They are the key issues that guide the operationality of worldwide markets (Omar, Abduh, & Sukmana, 2013)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This situation represent personal and professional dilemma where by the personal and professional interests that are simultaneously conflicting. I will use the principles of ethical decision making process seek supervision self mirror image and illumination of the process will also consider legal obligation that supersedes my professional and personal ethics (Wueste,1994). I will talk both the boss and supervisor to examine their feeling about my situation as that pertain my professional ethics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The small businesses are important in US economy in many aspects. They employ many people, actually about the half of the total workforce in there a key in driving the economy as opposed to giant multi-billion dollar companies (White House Committee on Small Business, 1962).They are instrumental in stabilizing forces in the economy .the owners are backbone for creativity innovation production and value creation in United States. The small business is actually what stimulates the economy. References Gladstone, D., & Gladstone, L. (2004). Venture capital investing: The complete handbook for investing in private businesses for outstanding profits. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall/Financial Times Omar, A., Abduh, M., & Sukmana, R. (2013). Fundamentals of Islamic money and capital markets. Singapore: John Wiley White House Committee on Small Business (U.S.). (1962). Small business in the American economy: Its contributions and its problems [and] the role of the Federal Government. Washington. Wueste, D. E. (1994). Professional ethics and social responsibility. Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield. Source document

Definition Of Current Sex Ed Curriculum - 1104 Words

Chloe Sullivan Ford, Period 3 2/20/15 Current Sex Ed Curriculum If you don’t want your kids to drown in the pool, don’t teach them to swim, hide all of the life jackets, and let’s pretend water doesn’t exist. This is the general underlying concept of the Abstinence-only programs taught in schools across the country. Abstinence-only curriculums are taught in thirty-seven states and is considered the most common method when instructing sex education. I wouldn’t call education though, seeing that only thirteen of these thirty-seven states require the information presented to students to be medically accurate. With a staggering amount of 850,000 teen pregnancies a year and 9.1 million cases of sexually transmitted diseases annually. America†¦show more content†¦These curriculums should be open to identifying with all genders, ethnicities, and sexual orientations. It should address rape culture, what constitutes abuse, and what behaviors are acceptable in a sexual relationship. Abstinence only programs are ineffective. 62% of U.S. males and 70% of U.S. females have had vaginal sex by the time they were eighteen. Humans are primal creatures with biological urges, and assuming that we all have the same morals is outrageous. Abstinence-only programs promote an idea that if one has sex outside of marriage that it is dangerous and sinful. Though our body is a temple, and we must respect our boundaries. Not everybody’s boundaries are the same. Columbia University concluded that virginity pledge programs increase pledge-takers risk of pregnancy and STDs. 88% of these pledge takers initiated sex prior to marriage, they were also proven less likely to use contraception or get screened for sexually transmitted diseases. The Abstinence-only program is instilling humility in culture. Children cannot reach out and ask questions when sex and any kind of sexual desire is ostracized. Sexual activity in high school students decreased noticeably from 1991 to 97, pri or to funding abstinence-only programs. Why did this happen? It wasn’t the government’s grand old testament pitch? It was the introduction of contraceptives. There is nothing wrong with abstinence.

Questions On Business Continuity Plan - 1534 Words

1.1 Business Continuity Plan 1.1.1 Introduction EPCOR must be able to execute business recovery procedures in response to events that destroy or interrupt critical business functions / processes / services. This section governs the implementation of business continuity actions in the event of a disaster that results in the loss of the facility (and hence, any lesser disruption) or significant loss of personnel (e.g. Pandemic), and the corresponding interruption to normal business functions. For the purposes of this document, this destruction or interruption shall be referred to as a ‘disaster’, and business functions / processes / services will be referred to as ‘business functions’. 1.1.2 Purpose The goal of a Business Continuity Plan†¦show more content†¦It outlines assessment, communication, escalation, declaration, mobilization, and business continuity procedures / requirements to invoke various recovery strategies. To the extent possible, existing processes and procedures will be referenced within the BCP document and not reproduced in the BCP. Each EPCOR site performs a series of business functions, each with an associated Recovery Time Objective (RTO). RTO is the length of time that the business function can be unavailable before it begins to seriously impact EPCOR. The strategy of the overall corporate business continuity program is to ensure RTOs of critical business functions are met. The strategies required for each critical business function vary with the RTO and with the essential technical and personnel requirements for each business function. 1.1.3 Objectives The overall objective of the Business Continuity Program is to minimize the impact of an extended outage on the business through development, maintenance, and exercising of BCPs which have the following objectives: †¢ Minimize the impact upon the safety, security and well-being of personnel; †¢ Protect against the loss or damage of organizational assets; †¢ Provide for immediate, accurate and measured response to emergency situations; †¢ Ensure smooth, effective transition from normal to backup operations; and †¢ Ensure expeditious restoration of primary site

Something Expressions Of The Old Man - 957 Words

â€Å"Something Whispered in the Shakuhachi†, written by Garrett Hongo, is a sad poem that shows the sorrowful past life of this old man. Garrett Hongo is a Japanese American poet, who was born in Volcano, Hawai, on May 30, 1951. Although he born in America, he has missed his hometown all along and that is an important part of this poem. What’s more, this emotion is included in most compositions of him. After all, poets will produce their composition from their life and experience. This poem is extremely evocative and lyrical, which expresses Hongo’s spirit that can transcend the most challenging and demeaning of conditions. If a person wants to understand more about how the notion of the old man functions as a seminal concept for Hongo, I will suggest him to read more poems of him, such as â€Å"Roots†. Actually, it is obvious that the bamboo flutes is the main symbolism in both poems. The reason is that in the World War II, he was interned in a relocation camp , is ordered to leave his home and give up his belongings. Rather than have his precious flutes destroyed, he burns them himself. So in â€Å"Something Whispered in the Shakuhachi†, Hongo said that before the war, he was just a farmer and only planted bamboo. He knew how to let them grow up healthily and strongly, just like himself. And the flutes were made of bamboo, which could have lovely melodies, just like whispered. After the war, he came back to his hometown. Although bamboos and flutes all gone, his also can hear theirShow MoreRelatedSailing to Byzantium by William Butler Yeats657 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Butler Yeats, is an in depth look at the journeys of one man who wishes to escape the confinements of old age by pursuing a society in which artistic beauty and expression reign supreme. 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Acid Rain pollution Essay Example For Students

Acid Rain pollution Essay ACID RAINname hereEngineering 303iProfessor hMay 3, 2004BIBLIOGRAPHYPenguin Publishing House, 1987 , Pearce Fred Acid Rain. What is it andwhat is it doing to us?New York Publishers, 1989, William Stone Acid Rain. Fiend or Foe?Lucent books, Inc. 1990, Steward Gail Acid Rain. Acid RainAcid rain is a great problem in our world. It causes fish and plants to die because earths rainwaters are contaminated. It also causes harm to people as well, because we eat fish, drink water and eat plants that are polluted by acid rain. It is a problem that we must all face together and try to get rid of. However, acid rain on its own is not the biggest problem. It causes many other problems such as aluminum poisoning. Acid Rain is deadly. Acid rain is polluted rain. The pollutants go up to the atmosphere and when it rains it brings the pollution down with it. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are the gases that form the acid rain. When these gases mix with moisture it can make rain, snow, hail, or even fog. The scientific term for acid rain is acid deposition that means when the acid is taken from the air and is deposited on the earth. Major industries, coal burning factories, power plants and automobile engines are the main sources of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide that cause acid rain. Volcanoes and forest fires also causes sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. Some of the many problems that come from acid rain are the killing of many plants and underwater life in thousands of lakes and streams around the world. It strips forest soils of nutrients and damages farm crops. Acid rain can also corrode stone buildings, bridges, and priceless monuments. Acid rain can also be harmful to humans because acid rain kills the c rops and fish we eat, ruins homes, and the acid can release lead in the pipes and the lead could go into our drinking water. It is hard to determine where acid rain may fall next, because the wind from a polluted area could carry pollution to another area and the acid rain could fall there. The regions affected more by acid rain are large parts of eastern North America, Scandinavia, and central Europe. In many of places acid rain isnt a problem because some soils can neutralize the acid and it doesnt affect the crops. Areas more sensitive to acid rain is in the western United States most of Washington all of Oregon, sections of California and most of Idaho. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and a large section of northeast Canada. The soil in these places can not neutralize acid rain deposits, then the nutrients are stripped which means the crops in those places may not survive. The Black forest is a mountainous region in Baden-Wurttemberg, in southwestern Germany. The valleys are ferti le and make good pastureland as well as providing good soil vineyards. No forest region is showing serious effects of acid rain. Many trees are dying, the forest lost masses of needles, leaving them with sparse, scuffing crowns. Their major industries are Lumbering wood, manufacturing toys and cuckoo clocks. Winter sports and mineral springs attract tourists. Acid rain can damage and ruin soils by stripping the soils nutrients. But some soils can neutralize and weaken acid deposits that fall from the sky. These soils are called alkaline soil, also called a base. In 1838 the German chemist Justus von Liebig offered the first really useful definition of an acid, namely, a compound containing hydrogen that can react with a metal to produce hydrogen gas. .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50 , .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50 .postImageUrl , .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50 , .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50:hover , .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50:visited , .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50:active { border:0!important; } .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50:active , .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50 .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u121fb50e23d4545bf4dbdf600ddcac50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gender Equality In Sports EssaySoil is formed when rocks are broken up by the weather and erosion and mixed with organic matter from plants and animals. The term soil generally refers to the loose surface of the Earth, made from solid rock. To the farmer, soil is the natural medium for growth of all land plants. The rocks that make up soil could be acid, neutral, or alkaline, another name for a base. Limestone and chalk are rocks that are formed from tiny shells that are rich in calcium. Alkaline is made up of calcium. When acid rain falls on alkaline soil the calcium makes the acid become weaker or

John Locke’s Vision of Political Order That Inspired American Constitution Essay Example

John Locke’s Vision of Political Order That Inspired American Constitution Essay John Locke’s vision of political order that inspired American constitution Content Introduction3 1Tabula rasa4 2First Treatise4 3Second Treatise5 4Political society6 5American Constitution7 Conclusion8 Resources9 Introduction As the title of this paper says the main aim of this essay is to discuss John Locke’s vision of political order that inspired American constitution. In order to do that it is essential to introduce some of the most important ideas with which had John Locke come up, try to explain his theories and finally to briefly go through the American constitution itself. John Locke, born in 1632, is one of the most influential philosophers, not only in his era, but also many centuries after his death. Locke’s roots lay firmly among the Puritans who fought the Civil War in the name of parliamentary constitution and a godly church,[1] which had a great impact on his future life. He entered Westminster school in 1646, and passed to Christ Church, he graduated as bachelor of medicine in Oxford in 1674. His knowledge of medicine and occasional practice of the art led, in 1666, to an acquaintance with Lord Ashley (afterwards, from 1672, Earl of Shaftesbury). The acquaintance, begun accidentally, had an immediate effect on Locke’s career. When Shaftesbury was made Lord Chancellor in 1672, Locke became his secretary for presentations to benefices, and, in the following year, was made secretary to the board of trade. [2] John Locke followed Lord Ashley to Holland and then lived in the Dutch republic and France, too. However he has not started his writings until the return back to England. Locke is considered to be the Father of Liberalism and also one of the most important thinkers of the Enlightenment. We will write a custom essay sample on John Locke’s Vision of Political Order That Inspired American Constitution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on John Locke’s Vision of Political Order That Inspired American Constitution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on John Locke’s Vision of Political Order That Inspired American Constitution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thanks to his new theories and his quite wide range of topics he has inspired many following philosophers. Of his works is to be mentioned the two most known An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Two Treatises of Government. This essay will mostly deal with the second named. Tabula rasa To better understand John Locke’s political theory is necessary to introduce his main ideas in other fields of philosophy, too. First of all is to depict Locke’s vision of men. He considers that human are all born as tabula rasa. Which means that every single person is born without any built-in-mental content, they are all completely plain. The intelligence, emotions, social behaviour, probably everything what makes a body into a human being is learned from experience and perception. There are no qualities, which are people already born with. First Treatise The Two Treatises were published in 1690. [3] Each Treatise has its own content, the First Treatise focuses on the argumentation against Sir Robert Filmer’s writing Patriarcha. The main idea of Filmer’s work is that kings are God’s regents on Earth. Judging from this statement, the whole monarchy system is supposed to be divine and the only possible type of government is an absolute monarchy. Filmer justifies his ideas with the help of Bible and the vision of Adam as the first absolute monarch. Locke strongly disagreed with Filmer and trough the whole First Treatise, finds arguments to refute Filmer’s theory and support his visions. Surprisingly he derives many of his statements from Bible, too. Locke’s First Treatise provided a description of God’s purposes which provides a large part of the basis of the Second Treatise. [4] Second Treatise The Second Treatise overlaps wide range of themes, which altogether create a consistent outline of how the society and its political system according Locke should look like. One of Locke’s basic theories is the one about natural law. Natural law, understood as a universal law set by nature, obviously existed before Locke. According to Locke, natural law can be discovered by reason, so it is accessible to all people. In contrast the divine law is revealed only to people chosen by God. Natural and divine law are both coherent, they can occupy the same range of focus and they don’t contradict at any point. God is taken as mankind’s superior, who imposes moral obligations to humans. These laws and obligations, if they are understood correctly, should lead to some kind of general order. This order is the so called State of Nature. Locke claims that the state of nature is a relation concept describing a particular set of moral relations that exist between particular people rather than a description of a particular geographical territory. The state of nature is just the way of describing moral rights and responsibilities that exist between people who have not consented to the adjudication of their desputes by the same legitimate government. 5] Locke assumes that if God has not given directly power to any individual, all the people are made naturally equal, further more they are all natural free with rights such as right to liberty, right to life and property, too. His vision of property is an important issue; he had to solve the problem how to justify private property as the earth w as given by God to all and in the state of nature is everything commonly owned, too. Locke builds his arguments upon labour, the fact that man creates something by his own hands, which were given to him by God, allows him to state the final product as his roperty. As this definition on its own practically allows people to consider for example a water well their property, Locke adds that no one should take more than he actually needs for his life and joy and that God didn’t make anything to be spoiled or destroyed. Locke disapproves slavery, which corresponds to his idea of equality and freedom. Yet there are two cases in which is slavery acceptable for him. Firstly when man causes an aggression against someone else, then he can be enslaved and it would be considered as fair. The second possibility is when man enslaves himself to another by his own decision. This brings us to the theme of parental power. According to Locke people are born free, but as they are born as tabula rasa, they are not mature enough to be able to make their own decision based on reason. Therefore children have to be protected by parents until they develop their reason and knowledge to certain level. Political society Locke is aware of the fact, that the state of nature is not suitable for the society and that the society itself intent to create some sort of civil society with established laws, which he calls commonwealth. The so called commonwealth possesses power, but because the power was given to it by people, people also have the right to make a revolution/civil war if the system is not working according to the treaty, for example when government acts contrary to the legislative. People are free to remove themselves from their government- that is they are free to secede and to establish a new commonwealth if they see fit, for only an explicit promise or contract can put man into a society and, just as children upon reaching maturity are free to leave their parents, so too are men free to leave their society. 6] And on the other hand by joining a society man gives up his power to protect himself to the laws of the society. Setting up a government is a completely rational act, the power given to government is to secure the public welfare, protect citizens from possible external aggression and so on and so forth. Polity according to Locke has three aspects: executive, legislative and federative. The distinction is amongst functions. One agency is to legislate, another to execute the laws and so on, and another still to conduct foreign relations. 7] Executive and federative are subordinate to legislative. Locke wants rather a responsible than an absolute government. American Constitution In its most basic form, the Constitution is a flexible, lawful document of rights and restrictions. The Articles of the Constitution affirm the shape of government, divided into three branches, which are given powers to keep the others in check to balance government. The amendments grant certain civil liberties, but like the articles, also assert specific rules and restrictions on those who are not granted civil rights. [8] As it is known, America was a British colony for many years; the problems started to emerge, when The British Emporium started to more economically and politically suppress America. The taxes were growing; America had no representation in the British parliament, the acceptation of Townshend Acts- all these issues lead not only to the broadly know Boston Tea Party, but also to the revolution and the birth of United States of America. On the 4th of July 1776 the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress and since then the 4th of July is the most important day for all Americans. The Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution stem from the idea of a community, where the people are free, have their rights, and where they can affect their government. Before the revolution were all the main laws coming all the way from United Kingdom, which strengthened the need to have the polity more straightforward and obviously also more closer. Conclusion It is not surprising that Locke’s vision of political system where the government has only a certain power, which was given to him by people, interested and furthermore inspired the creators of American Constitution. The lack of possible impact on the law and its execution was one of the reasons for the American Revolution. We can also see similarities between the so called American dream, where everyone is able to succeed in whatever he chooses, he only needs to work hard enough and Locke’s argumentation for having private property, where he claims that what man creates with his hands belongs to him. It is not really possible to cover Locke’s wide range of themes and his numerous writings in one essay, but it is indisputable that his affect on political thinking was huge. His ideas from all the ranges are connected one to another and altogether create a coherent philosophy. Resources Locke, John: Political Essays, Edited by Mark Goldie, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0Â  521 478618 Harris, Ian: Locke’s political theory (study support) http://www. iep. utm. edu/locke/ (attended on 27. 12. 2010) http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/locke-political/(attended on 27. 12. 2010) http://www. iep. utm. edu/locke-po/(attended on 7. 2. 2011) http://www. marylandsar. rg/SAR-Documents/Essay/Third-Tie-Essay-MDSSAR-0708. pdf (attended on 7. 2. 2011) [1] Locke, John: Political Essays; Edited by Mark Goldie; pg xiv [2] http://www. iep. utm. edu/locke/ [3] http://www. iep. utm. edu/locke/ [4] Harris, Ian: Locke’s political theory [5] http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/locke-political/ [6] http://www. iep. utm. edu/locke-po/ [7] Harris, Ian: Locke’s political theory [8] http://www. marylandsar. org/SAR-Documents/Essay/Third-Tie-Essay-MDSSAR-0708. pdf